quinta-feira, junho 28, 2007
Cotas - uma vez mais
Uma das contribuições do pensamento do filósofo Martin Heidegger -- com antecedentes notáveis, especialmente em Franz Rosenzweig -- é a idéia de que todo pensamento que o antecedeu sempre se manteve "metafísico". Esse pensamento -- que ele apelidou "onto-teológico" -- não se dirigia à realidade concreta, nua e crua, em que ele se situava, mas sim a situações abstratas imaginadas pela cabeça do pensador. Ou seja, havia uma pretensão de teorizar para além do mundo concreto, em direção a uma situação abstrata que se aplicaria a todos os casos. O pensamento não era apenas universal no espaço; era, também, no tempo. Não apenas se aplicaria a todos os povos, em todas as circunstâncias, mas também a todos os tempos, teria o condão da eternidade.
Esse é o nó que Heidegger identificou em tudo que lhe antecedeu, de Platão a Hegel. E, pelo fato de o pensamento científico ter a mesma pretensão, Heidegger foi quem, curiosamente, teve a ousadia de chamar o cientificismo de "metafísico", trauma que nunca foi perdoado pelos neopositivistas [hoje, na filosofia analítica], a quem não poderia ser dirigida pior ofensa. Por pensarem em estruturas "eternas" e aplicáveis a todos, ou seja, universais no sentido vertical e horizontal, Heidegger apelidou o pensamento até então de "onto-teologia". Pensamos as coisas [onto] como manda a teologia -- a partir de esquemas eternos tal como a vontade divina. Chame-se isso de "espírito", "proletariado", "mundo das idéias", "vontade" ou qualquer das principais palavras usadas pelos filósofos, o que estaria em jogo seria sempre uma ausência do "mundo da vida" nesses esquemas.
Heidegger propõe, ao contrário, que o pensamento se dá aqui embaixo, no mundo. Ele propõe que pensemos o mundo não a partir de um super-esquema que esgotaria todas as possibilidades, mas sim de nossa concretude existencial. Por isso, o tempo passa a ser um elemento fundamental da filosofia heideggeriana. O pensamento sempre tenta "exorcizar" o tempo, que confunde esquemas lógicos pela contingência que suscita. Heidegger propõe não o exorcizar, mas precisamente pensar a partir do tempo.
O que significa isso? Que pensar em situações abstratas, via de regra, é algo improdutivo e ingênuo. Pensamos a partir do nosso mundo e esse mundo é nosso, ou seja, não é universal nem eterno. O mundo se constitui a partir do que nos está à mão -- somos formadores de mundo.
Ao admitir isso, Heidegger dá um passo que poucos compreenderam. Ao dizer, por exemplo, que um martelo é, antes de tudo, uma ferramenta [seu uso manual], e não madeira, ferro e parafusos, como pretende a ontologia [o conhecimento que pergunta pelo o que é isso? das coisas] tradicional, Heidegger se desvencilha da idéia de "essência" e passa a considerar as coisas a partir do que elas são no mundo -- mundo que nós formamos.
O que isso tem de relação com a questão do título do post?
Significa que, ao pensarmos a questão das cotas, é pouco produtivo irmos atrás de esquemas universais. Precisamos admitir que estamos lançados no mundo em que vivemos, e é a partir dele que devemos pensar.
Que mundo é esse? Sem hipocrisia: um mundo do homem branco, adulto, ocidental, heterossexual e rico. Sem querer satanizar nenhuma dessas categorias [aliás, só não me enquadro na última; e, ainda assim, em padrões brasileiros talvez possa me enquadrar], a realidade não mente: são essas as categorias hegemônicas.
O filósofo Jacques Derrida apelidou isso de "falogocentrismo" [falo das metáforas masculinas, logo de lógos, pensamento racionalista etnocêntrico -- combinando-se em uma estratégia de "dominação racional"]. Ele pretendeu denunciar a "mitologia branca", ou seja, a idéia de que o que nos é passado é "branco", "transparente", não representa nenhum desses poderes hegemônicos.
Também Michel Foucault contribuiu grandemente para o enriquecimento dessa perspectiva, ao trazer para a fala os marginais, ou seja, homossexuais, loucos, criminosos, etc. Ao mostrar a influência do poder [que não é centralizado, mas esparramado por todas relações sociais], Foucault igualmente desmitifica a "transparência" da nossa cultura.
Essas reflexões servem para um único argumento: não é possível dizermos que existe "discriminação aos brancos". Salvo em contextos absolutamente isolados, que não representam 1/1000 do contexto social hegemônico, o branco não é discriminado. Com esse argumento, pretendo afastar todas as justificativas contra as cotas que dizem que, ao colocarmos um negro em lugar de um branco, estamos discriminando o último, cometendo ato de racismo.
É óbvio que a discussão não se resume a isso. Há vários argumentos em jogo. Só que a minha pretensão aqui é apenas afastar um. Cada um deles pode ser rebatido com uma argumentação cautelosa, como tento fazer por aqui.
Dizer que um branco pode sofrer racismo só pode significar um pensamento sem historicidade, um pensamento sem tempo. Na nossa realidade concreta, ele simplesmente não faz sentido. Só faz sentido em esquemas abstratos, em um mundo da argumentação lógica, como ocorre na filosofia analítica. No mundo da vida, ele simplesmente vai solto no ar, como se fosse um pássaro, e se perde no horizonte. É nonsense.
Há outras questões a serem enfrentadas. Mas aí já é assunto para outros posts. O que eu queria deixar aqui é só isso: para pensar as cotas, temos que ter pensamento com tempo, senão elas se tornam discriminações odiosas.
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Trilha sonora do post: Black Rebel Motorcycle Club, "Berlin".
domingo, junho 24, 2007
Autonomia para não fazer nada
Muito se leu sobre a invasão da Reitoria na USP. No entanto, consoante todos aqueles que participaram das discussões, nada se tirou de concreto. A grande bandeira defendida foi a "autonomia universitária".
Como estudante do ensino público universitário (UFRGS) durante minha graduação, deixo por aqui minha opinião.
A suposta "autonomia universitária", hoje em dia, funciona tão-somente como uma espécie de "campo" corporativo, mais ou menos como pensou Bordieu sobre o tema. As supostas razões para a autonomia, hoje em dia, são risíveis: a UFRGS, pelo menos no Direito, é dos centros mais conservadores e subservientes ao poder que existem no Estado. Ensino crítico = 0. Para que serve, então, a autonomia?
Ora, dou basicamente três razões: 1) para os professores se protegerem em um corporativismo ferrenho, sob o pretexto do concurso, negligenciando suas aulas e fingindo que ensinam; 2) para que os alunos-bicho-grilos possam bradar contra o "neoliberalismo", o "capitalismo" e a "globalização", como se tais fenômenos fossem obra de uma mente maquiavélica [localizada nos EUA, é claro]; 3) para manter em vigor o grande jargão que alimenta a UFRGS: professor finge que ensina, aluno finge que aprende. Um protege o outro e, no final das contas, todos vão contra o "Governo" [é mais fácil] e o "FMI" [aliás, o que será que eles discursam agora que o Brasil pagou a dívida e o FMI quase está quebrado?].
Há dias, li que um filósofo britânico estava palestrando e procurou ouvir as reivindicações. Achou-as confusas. Evidente: ele, filósofo pragmático, como todo britânico, buscou algo de concreto. Ali só havia "falação".
A autonomia universitária, hoje em dia, é puro corporativismo. Não sou contrário a ela; apenas chamo atenção para o fato de que, nessa greve, as bibliotecas fecharam. É óbvio: esses alunos não abrem um livro há vários, vários anos. O marxismo de boca é o que tem saído desses discursos pífios.
Desse jeito, com essa oposição, a Universidade Pública vai de mal a pior.
Patética
O comando de Dunga na seleção é, até agora, patético. Colocar Ronaldinho Gaúcho e Kaká no banco de Elano e Daniel Carvalho foi a primeira piada. O treinador, ao invés de motivar seus super-craques, comprou briga. Qualquer pessoa que entenda minimamente de futebol sabe que esses dois são titulares de qualquer seleção do mundo, e o problema na Copa foi motivação e, principalmente, posicionamento.
O episódio da dispensa dos dois, aliás, foi mais uma alfinetada ridícula.
Mas vou por mais dois detalhes: 1) goleiros: Helton e Doni! Só pode ser brincadeira. Com Rogério Ceni no Brasil, convocar esses dois. Até o Gomes é melhor que qualquer um deles; e 2) centroavantes: é hora de assumir logo, Ronaldo e Adriano são os melhores que temos, e pronto. Fred, Vagner Love e Afonso (!) não têm condições de competir.
O que me preocupa é a invencionite. Os técnicos que inventaram demais [p.ex., Leão ou Falcão] caíram feio. E Dunga está inventando. A seleção tem que ter como titulares Rogério Ceni ou Júlio César, Lúcio, Juan, Gilberto Silva [ou Emerson, se quiser ainda], Kaká, Robinho, Ronaldinho e Adriano. Não tem o que inventar. As disputas estão com os laterais [Maicon, Cicinho, Daniel Alves, Gilberto, Kléber] e a segunda função do meio campo [Lucas será esse cara, anotem aí]. O resto é balela.
Senado
Ao conduzir as questões da forma como está sendo feita, o Senado mais uma vez coloca em perigo a democracia. O Parlamento da Reich caiu assim, no descrédito oriundo da inação e da corrupção.
Vergonhoso.
Aliás, por que raios o Senado ainda existe?
A beleza dos Secret Machines
Meu segundo álbum do ano passado continua belo demais. "Ten Silver Drops", a preciosa pérola das Máquinas Secretas, não é um disco fácil, desses que dessem em um estalo, como o The Shins, por exemplo.
Com um miolo difícil, no qual eles pretendem atualizar o Pink Floyd a partir do shoegaze e do pós-rock, em uma psicodelia verviana de mastigação complicada, o álbum soa estranho aos ouvidos de alguns. Mas as canções de abertura de fechamento - "Alone, Jealous and Stoned" e "1.000 seconds" são dream pop de primeira qualidade. De uma beleza emocionante.
Perdemos mais um
Depois da morte de Jacques Derrida, perdemos mais um filósofo de primeira linha: Richard Rorty. Dessa forma, o último grande filósofo vivo se torna Jürgen Habermas, embora haja estrelas ascendentes como Giorgio Agamben e mesmo Zygmunt Bauman, na área da sociologia.
Rorty foi o intelectual que me convenceu a abandonar posturas comuns como o anti-americanismo e a ver a democracia liberal com outros olhos, elaborando novas formas de conversação política.
Além de ter desbancado a epistemologia tradicional a partir da filosofia analítica, coisa que precisávamos, Rorty fez, como ninguém, uma ponte entre a tradição anglo-americana [Davidson, Quine, James, Dewey] com a filosofia "continental" [Heidegger, Nietzsche, Derrida, o próprio Habermas].
Embora, hoje em dia, não concorde com certos pontos da sua filosofia [especialmente a subestimação da dimensão ética em prol de uma política "patriótica" aberta], Rorty será uma constante referência em tudo que penso e escrevo.
Novo do Interpol
O aguardado novo álbum do Interpol, "Our love to admire", já vazou e causa rebuliço no mundinho indie. Nem eu sabia que os caras tinham tanta repercussãp.
O que posso adiantar, sem ter me aprofundado na avaliação, é que "Pioneer to the falls", tema que abre o álbum, é brilhante. Traz novamente as guitarras atmosféricas do melhor Interpol [Turn on the Bright Lights, 2002] e joga o ouvinte em uma viagem na escuridão.
Trilha sonora do post:
quinta-feira, junho 21, 2007
O SONHO ACABOU
MAS, sejamos sinceros, não dava para esperar muito mais do time do Grêmio montado para essa Libertadores. Fomos mais longe do que poderíamos.
O curioso é que o time do ano passado era mais sólido. Deixamos ir quem não deveria e nos reforçamos mal. As nossas vulnerabilidades maiores [Patrício, p. ex.] não tardaram a aparecer, quando o jogo apertou.
Mano fez milagre com essa equipe. Conseguiu extrair o máximo da equipe. Porém esse máximo não foi suficiente.
Registro minha decepção com a torcida. Se estávamos finalmente nos firmando como a única torcida brasileira que realmente apóia a equipe do início ao fim, aconteça o que acontecer, ontem, quase como se todos já estivessem convencidos de antemão, parece que, com dez minutos de jogo, a torcida desistiu.
Bola pra frente, Grêmio.
segunda-feira, junho 18, 2007
Esvaziamento da política
Quando eu digo que não se discute política no Brasil, mas só politicagem, estou, na realidade, chamando ao debate as questões grandes. Isso significa robustecer a democracia.
Vejamos dois exemplos.
A lei de biossegurança. Hoje em dia, poucos temas são tão polêmicos quanto os tratados ali. As questões envolvem meio ambiente, bioética, biopolítica e cruzamentos entre religião, política e moral. Deveríamos ter assistido um debate aceso. Argumentos contrários - com base em biopolítica e bioética - às pesquisas de células-tronco, por exemplo. No entanto, a discussão se restringiu aos "carolas que se opõe à pesquisa", tida como óbvia, por um lado, e à capacidade do Governo de aprová-la.
Ora, no momento em que a imprensa não coloca o tema em pauta, não traz a discussão para a esfera pública, o que interessa aos parlamentares? Nada, a não ser o "cachê" que o Governo lhe dá, de empurrãozinho. Já que a pauta é apenas se o Governo aprova ou não, a questão se resume a isso.
Outro: a regulamentação do Conselho Federal de Jornalismo.
Em pouco tempo, a questão, que deveria ser colocada em termos da (des)necessidade de um órgão regulatório para a atividade jornalística numa democracia, passou a ser: X é fascista/ comunista, logo quer amordaçar a imprensa. Passou-se a uma caça às bruxas. Não houve, realmente, debate.
É preciso, de vez, alimentar a nossa democracia com debates. Esse é o papel da imprensa, que não tem o feito. Acompanhar o Governo não é fazer comentário político; é empobrecer a democracia em uma mera descrição da máquina administrativo-governamental. O que se exige é o debate, efetivo, sobre temas que interessam a todos. Sem bruxas.
Creio que, com um debate mais qualificado, no qual possam ser ouvidos todos os setores da sociedade, inclusive os marginalizados, poderíamos ter uma forma de vida mais qualificada. Tudo isso é escondido em páginas e páginas vazias sobre nomes, quóruns e partidos.
Discos
Tenho ouvido bastante coisas, mas pouco tem me realmente tirado do sério. Diria que as bandas britânicas Twilight Sad e Fields, que colocaram os primeiros trabalhos na praça, são bem interessantes, merecem ser ouvidas. A primeira, mais densa e estranha; a segunda, beirando ao dream pop. Ambas utilizam exaustivamente do recurso das guitarras postas em muros, à moda shoegaze.
Do outro lado do oceano, temos os Rosebuds, bandinha bem bacana de indie pop, oscilando para um power pop. A coisa mais interessante dos últimos tempos foi o disco da banda americana Low, um rock lo-fi apelidado de "sadcore", minimalista ao extremo, que parece uma faca cravada no teu abdomen te dilacerando.
O último disco dos Manics Street Preachers está bem bonzão. Mas não encosta no calcanhar dos grandes discos do ano passado -- Thom Yorke, Guillemots, Secret Machines e Silversun Pickups. Esses, quando ouço, continuam soando maravilhosamente.
Enfim, vamos aguardar. Talvez Radiohead e Interpol iluminem um pouco o ambiente.
Enfim...
Filósofo Marcos Nobre estréia na terça coluna semanal na Folha
Professor da Unicamp vê pobreza e clichês na discussão atual sobre a política
DA REDAÇÃO
Professor da Unicamp vê pobreza e clichês na discussão atual sobre a política
DA REDAÇÃO
Um dos mais destacados filósofos da nova geração, Marcos Nobre, 42, estréia na terça-feira como colunista da Folha, na pág. A2. Estudioso da Escola de Frankfurt e da "teoria crítica" da sociedade desenvolvida por Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer e Jürgen Habermas, entre outros, Nobre é professor de filosofia política da Unicamp (Universidade Estadual de Campinas) e pesquisador do Cebrap (Centro Brasileiro de Análise e Planejamento).É um dos coordenadores do núcleo "Direito e Democracia", que reúne no Cebrap pesquisadores interessados nas conjunções entre moral, direito e política. Na Unicamp, foi o coordenador de pós-graduação do Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas de 2004 a 2006.Integrante dos conselhos editoriais das revistas "Direito GV" e "Novos Estudos", do Cebrap, tem artigos publicados em periódicos na Alemanha ("Zeitschrift für Kritische Theorie", "Comparativ"), na França ("Les Études Philosophiques") e na Argentina ("Espacios en Blanco").Atualmente, conclui um período de estudos como "visiting scholar" da Universidade de Chicago, a mesma experiência que já havia feito na Universidade da Califórnia (Berkeley), entre 2003 e 2004.Na Folha, Nobre já escreveu uma coluna semanal no caderno Brasil de agosto a novembro de 2006, durante a campanha eleitoral. O filósofo considera que hoje "a discussão política é pobre porque está centrada exclusivamente no sistema político: não se discute o sentido mais geral do que é política, do que é democracia". Essa confusão, diz ele, "entre sistema político -ou seja, o que o Executivo faz, o que o Legislativo faz, o que o Judiciário faz- e política no sentido amplo empobreceu o debate, que repete clichês".Em sua coluna, Nobre pretende destravar essa discussão: "Não quero uma coluna de política institucional. Nosso problema é alargar a agenda, os temas, abandonar clichês e tornar o debate mais complexo".
Filho do deputado federal Freitas Nobre (1921-1990), um dos líderes da oposição ao regime militar, Marcos Severino Nobre formou-se em Ciências Sociais pela USP, em 1986. Concluiu seu mestrado em filosofia na mesma universidade, em 1991, com uma dissertação sobre "Lukács e os Limites da Reificação" (publicada em 2001 pela editora 34).Obteve seu doutorado em 1997 com tese sobre "A Dialética Negativa de Theodor W. Adorno - A Ontologia do Estado Falso" (publicada em 1998 pela Iluminuras) e pós-doutorou-se em 2001 pela Universitat Frankfurt an Main -Johann Wolfgang Goethe. Publicou também "A Teoria Crítica" (Jorge Zahar Editor, 2004).É co-autor do volume de entrevistas "Conversas com Filósofos Brasileiros" (ed. 34, 2000) e um dos organizadores das coletâneas "Participação e Deliberação: Teoria Democrática e Experiências Institucionais no Brasil Contemporâneo" (ed. 34, 2004) e "Desenvolvimento Sustentável: A Institucionalização de um Conceito" (Ibama/Cebrap, 2002).
sábado, junho 16, 2007
ARTISTAS DESCASCAM OS CLÁSSICOS
Sgt Pepper must die!
Ever get the feeling you've been cheated? It's meant to be a classic album, but all you can hear is a load of boring tripe ... we've all felt that way. And so have the musicians we asked to nominate the supposedly great records they'd gladly never hear again
Interviews by Paul Lester Friday June 15, 2007
Tupac Shakur All Eyez On Me Nominated by Mark Ronson, producer
This was Tupac's biggest record, and is seen by rap fans as the greatest latterday hip-hop album. But I've never got the cult of Tupac. Sure, he was in a lot of pain but he never said anything particularly clever - Notorious B.I.G. was far superior. People really related to the emotion in his voice, but it didn't resonate with me. No one would doubt Tupac's "realness" - he was shot nine times, for God's sake, and he began recording this album hours after being released from prison - but it doesn't compare to Biggie. Dr Dre produced it, and I didn't rate his production, either.
Problem was, Tupac was so prolific. He would write 50 songs in a weekend. Maybe he knew he was going to die, so he recorded relentlessly. I bought it at the time because it had one song on it that I'd play in clubs, but one out of 20 isn't great. In fact, there are 27 tracks on it - it started the trend of putting loads of songs on rap albums. Tupac wasn't up there with Dylan - Dylan was a brilliant poet. Eminem is probably the Dylan of rap, whereas Tupac just sounded like he was whining.
This was Tupac's biggest record, and is seen by rap fans as the greatest latterday hip-hop album. But I've never got the cult of Tupac. Sure, he was in a lot of pain but he never said anything particularly clever - Notorious B.I.G. was far superior. People really related to the emotion in his voice, but it didn't resonate with me. No one would doubt Tupac's "realness" - he was shot nine times, for God's sake, and he began recording this album hours after being released from prison - but it doesn't compare to Biggie. Dr Dre produced it, and I didn't rate his production, either.
Problem was, Tupac was so prolific. He would write 50 songs in a weekend. Maybe he knew he was going to die, so he recorded relentlessly. I bought it at the time because it had one song on it that I'd play in clubs, but one out of 20 isn't great. In fact, there are 27 tracks on it - it started the trend of putting loads of songs on rap albums. Tupac wasn't up there with Dylan - Dylan was a brilliant poet. Eminem is probably the Dylan of rap, whereas Tupac just sounded like he was whining.
Nirvana, Nevermind
Nominated by Wayne Coyne of the Flaming Lips
It's better to be overrated than underrated. Besides, it's not the musicians' fault Nevermind is overrated - it's the public's, or the critics'. But you don't find yourself ever longing to listen to it, because there were - still are, in fact - so many mediocre bands that sound like it, that you're constantly experiencing it. I never get out Nevermind and think: what great production, what great songs. Nevermind had a poisonous, pernicious influence. It legitimised suffering. The sainthood of Kurt Cobain overshadows the album: Kurt's lyrics, his attitudinising and navel-gazing, were hard to separate from the band's image. You can never just hear the record. For me, Bleach and In Utero are superior. Even the album cover seems cheap: that stupid dollar bill just seems to have been airbrushed in there. If Alice in Chains had done it, we'd have thought it was a joke, but because it was Nirvana we thought it was oh-so-clever. If you think you're going to hear an utterly original, powerful and freaky record when you put on Nevermind, as a young kid might, Christ you're going to be disappointed. You're going to think, "Who is this band that sounds just like Nickelback? What are these drug addicts going on about?"
It's better to be overrated than underrated. Besides, it's not the musicians' fault Nevermind is overrated - it's the public's, or the critics'. But you don't find yourself ever longing to listen to it, because there were - still are, in fact - so many mediocre bands that sound like it, that you're constantly experiencing it. I never get out Nevermind and think: what great production, what great songs. Nevermind had a poisonous, pernicious influence. It legitimised suffering. The sainthood of Kurt Cobain overshadows the album: Kurt's lyrics, his attitudinising and navel-gazing, were hard to separate from the band's image. You can never just hear the record. For me, Bleach and In Utero are superior. Even the album cover seems cheap: that stupid dollar bill just seems to have been airbrushed in there. If Alice in Chains had done it, we'd have thought it was a joke, but because it was Nirvana we thought it was oh-so-clever. If you think you're going to hear an utterly original, powerful and freaky record when you put on Nevermind, as a young kid might, Christ you're going to be disappointed. You're going to think, "Who is this band that sounds just like Nickelback? What are these drug addicts going on about?"
The Beach Boys, Pet Sounds
Nominated by Luke Pritchard of the Kooks
Of all the albums that get written about as "classics", this one least deserves it. Having said that, it contains one of the greatest songs ever written: God Only Knows, which is melancholic yet uplifting, pure yet fucked-up. But the rest of the record is a total let-down - I felt that way from the very first listen. Pet Sounds is a million miles away from Sgt Pepper or Dark Side of the Moon. I do appreciate the lyrics, and I know it's an album about getting older, but as a concept album, it doesn't quite add up. Good tunes, yes - Wouldn't It Be Nice is a great pop song - but most of the other tracks just don't resonate for me. I apologise unreservedly to everyone who loves every word and note, every last crackle, on this album, but that's how it is. Oh, and it's got the worst sleeve of any major album, ever. Feeding time at the zoo? I don't think so.
Of all the albums that get written about as "classics", this one least deserves it. Having said that, it contains one of the greatest songs ever written: God Only Knows, which is melancholic yet uplifting, pure yet fucked-up. But the rest of the record is a total let-down - I felt that way from the very first listen. Pet Sounds is a million miles away from Sgt Pepper or Dark Side of the Moon. I do appreciate the lyrics, and I know it's an album about getting older, but as a concept album, it doesn't quite add up. Good tunes, yes - Wouldn't It Be Nice is a great pop song - but most of the other tracks just don't resonate for me. I apologise unreservedly to everyone who loves every word and note, every last crackle, on this album, but that's how it is. Oh, and it's got the worst sleeve of any major album, ever. Feeding time at the zoo? I don't think so.
The Stone Roses, The Stone Roses
Nominated by Eddie Argos of Art Brut
They're totally overrated. Plus they covered Scarborough Fair. I don't understand why people still play their music in nightclubs - it makes me really angry. When I'm drunk in a club I usually end up arguing with the DJ who's playing them. The Stone Roses were an awful, awful band. They were uncharismatic, their lyrics are nonsensical and their music is dreary. Also, we have them to thank for Oasis, although at least Noel Gallagher is funny and Liam is a bit of a pop star. The Roses make me think of kids older than me swaggering around with bowl haircuts and affecting Manchester accents. It makes my skin crawl. And all their fans are so smug: "Oh, you don't understand it." I do understand it! It's ridiculous that it regularly gets voted in at the top of those "greatest British album ever" polls. They spawned a new thug-boy pop culture.
They're totally overrated. Plus they covered Scarborough Fair. I don't understand why people still play their music in nightclubs - it makes me really angry. When I'm drunk in a club I usually end up arguing with the DJ who's playing them. The Stone Roses were an awful, awful band. They were uncharismatic, their lyrics are nonsensical and their music is dreary. Also, we have them to thank for Oasis, although at least Noel Gallagher is funny and Liam is a bit of a pop star. The Roses make me think of kids older than me swaggering around with bowl haircuts and affecting Manchester accents. It makes my skin crawl. And all their fans are so smug: "Oh, you don't understand it." I do understand it! It's ridiculous that it regularly gets voted in at the top of those "greatest British album ever" polls. They spawned a new thug-boy pop culture.
The Strokes, Is This It
Nominated by Ian Williams of Battles
The Strokes were just rich kids from uptown New York; the children of the heads of supermodel agencies who formed a rock band and thought they deserved respect because of that. Suddenly the downtown, older form of punk rock got co-opted by the system. If ever there was a point where Gucci and rebellion were married together, it was right there. The Strokes have, basically, been responsible for five or six years of a new form of hair metal, in the guise of something more tasteful. Their music is post-9/11 party music because it came out that week and everybody wanted to dance. They're seen as the rebirth of rock in the UK - but it's a very conservative, old-fashioned idea of rock for the 21st century. As for their punk credentials, I'm not going to say anyone's more authentic than anyone else ... But the Strokes are the new Duran Duran; the new decadence for the new millennium.
The Strokes were just rich kids from uptown New York; the children of the heads of supermodel agencies who formed a rock band and thought they deserved respect because of that. Suddenly the downtown, older form of punk rock got co-opted by the system. If ever there was a point where Gucci and rebellion were married together, it was right there. The Strokes have, basically, been responsible for five or six years of a new form of hair metal, in the guise of something more tasteful. Their music is post-9/11 party music because it came out that week and everybody wanted to dance. They're seen as the rebirth of rock in the UK - but it's a very conservative, old-fashioned idea of rock for the 21st century. As for their punk credentials, I'm not going to say anyone's more authentic than anyone else ... But the Strokes are the new Duran Duran; the new decadence for the new millennium.
Television, Marquee Moon
Nominated by Alex Kapranos of Franz Ferdinand
People expect us to love Television the way they think we love Gang of Four and were influenced by them - but we don't and we weren't! Marquee Moon is one of those records that I thought I loved, but it was only after a few years I realised I didn't love the album, just the first 10 bars of the title track, which are pretty astonishing. Those guitars that play off each other and the way the instruments go into wonderful places and the guitars are totally insane and that big cascade of drums - it's incredible. Then your attention wanders. You know when a boring guy is explaining to you the technical spec of a car, the fuel injection system and the leather seats, and his voice becomes so much background noise? Once I took the needle off this record, I realised I hadn't heard it at all. But what annoys me is the way people pontificate over the album; it's one of those staples of student halls of residence. People wax lyrical about it, but the reason it's so popular is because it's a prog rock album its okay to like. Because the words "punk" and "New York" and "1977" are associated with it, it's deemed cool. Really, though, they're a band who give guys who like 20-minute guitar solos an excuse. They were the Grateful Dead of punk, and I always hated all that jam-band stuff. They have the ethos of a jam-band but the aesthetic of a New York outfit. If anything, the Strokes took the look of Television, the aesthetic - and the Converse sneakers - and ignored the jam-band aspect. They took those first 10 bars of Marquee Moon and did something great with it! Tom Verlaine's lyrics didn't have much impact on me. I'm always uneasy when singers in bands profess to be poets - they can veer into pomposity and pretentiousness. But I've got to be careful: I once said something about Jim Morrison and the Doors, about their pseudo-poetry, and immediately all these articles on the internet appeared saying, "Kapranos slams Morrison!" I'm not slamming Television - I respect them. But Marquee Moon is an album I admire more than enjoy.
People expect us to love Television the way they think we love Gang of Four and were influenced by them - but we don't and we weren't! Marquee Moon is one of those records that I thought I loved, but it was only after a few years I realised I didn't love the album, just the first 10 bars of the title track, which are pretty astonishing. Those guitars that play off each other and the way the instruments go into wonderful places and the guitars are totally insane and that big cascade of drums - it's incredible. Then your attention wanders. You know when a boring guy is explaining to you the technical spec of a car, the fuel injection system and the leather seats, and his voice becomes so much background noise? Once I took the needle off this record, I realised I hadn't heard it at all. But what annoys me is the way people pontificate over the album; it's one of those staples of student halls of residence. People wax lyrical about it, but the reason it's so popular is because it's a prog rock album its okay to like. Because the words "punk" and "New York" and "1977" are associated with it, it's deemed cool. Really, though, they're a band who give guys who like 20-minute guitar solos an excuse. They were the Grateful Dead of punk, and I always hated all that jam-band stuff. They have the ethos of a jam-band but the aesthetic of a New York outfit. If anything, the Strokes took the look of Television, the aesthetic - and the Converse sneakers - and ignored the jam-band aspect. They took those first 10 bars of Marquee Moon and did something great with it! Tom Verlaine's lyrics didn't have much impact on me. I'm always uneasy when singers in bands profess to be poets - they can veer into pomposity and pretentiousness. But I've got to be careful: I once said something about Jim Morrison and the Doors, about their pseudo-poetry, and immediately all these articles on the internet appeared saying, "Kapranos slams Morrison!" I'm not slamming Television - I respect them. But Marquee Moon is an album I admire more than enjoy.
The Beatles, Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
Nominated by Billy Childish, prime mover of British garage rock
I was a big Beatles fan - I had a Beatles wig and Beatles guitar when I was four - so I know what I'm talking about, but Sgt Pepper signalled the death of rock'n'roll. Rock'n'roll is meant to be full of vitality and energy, and this album isn't. It sounds like it took six months to shit out. The Beatles were the victims of their success. This is middle-of-the-road rock music for plumbers. Or people who drive round in Citroens - the sort of corporate hippies who ruined rock music. I bought it the day it came out: it was ideal for a seven-year-old. These days, well, it's my contention that it represents the death of the Beatles as a rock'n'roll band and the birth of them as music hall, which is hardly a victory. The main problem with Sgt Pepper is Sir Paul's maudlin obsession with his own self-importance and Dickensian misery. (Paul McCartney is the dark one in the Beatles, not John Lennon, because he writes such depressing, scary music.) It's like a Sunday before school that goes on forever. It's too dark and twisted for anyone with any light in their life. Then again, when he tries to be upbeat, it rings false - like having a clown in the room. The best thing about the album was the cardboard insert with some medals, a badge and a moustache. But the military jackets they wore on the front made them look like a bunch of grammar-school boys dressed by their mummy. When I was in Thee Mighty Caesars we did a rip-off of the sleeve for an album called John Lennon's Corpse Revisited, featuring the Beatles' heads on stakes. This isn't the greatest album ever made; in fact, it's the worst Beatles album up to that point. Live at the Star Club trounces it with ease.
I was a big Beatles fan - I had a Beatles wig and Beatles guitar when I was four - so I know what I'm talking about, but Sgt Pepper signalled the death of rock'n'roll. Rock'n'roll is meant to be full of vitality and energy, and this album isn't. It sounds like it took six months to shit out. The Beatles were the victims of their success. This is middle-of-the-road rock music for plumbers. Or people who drive round in Citroens - the sort of corporate hippies who ruined rock music. I bought it the day it came out: it was ideal for a seven-year-old. These days, well, it's my contention that it represents the death of the Beatles as a rock'n'roll band and the birth of them as music hall, which is hardly a victory. The main problem with Sgt Pepper is Sir Paul's maudlin obsession with his own self-importance and Dickensian misery. (Paul McCartney is the dark one in the Beatles, not John Lennon, because he writes such depressing, scary music.) It's like a Sunday before school that goes on forever. It's too dark and twisted for anyone with any light in their life. Then again, when he tries to be upbeat, it rings false - like having a clown in the room. The best thing about the album was the cardboard insert with some medals, a badge and a moustache. But the military jackets they wore on the front made them look like a bunch of grammar-school boys dressed by their mummy. When I was in Thee Mighty Caesars we did a rip-off of the sleeve for an album called John Lennon's Corpse Revisited, featuring the Beatles' heads on stakes. This isn't the greatest album ever made; in fact, it's the worst Beatles album up to that point. Live at the Star Club trounces it with ease.
Abba, Arrival
Nominated by Siobhan Donaghy, former Sugababe turned solo artist
I love the Beatles, the Beach Boys, Burt Bacharach, all those great pop melody-writers, but there's something about Abba that I hate. Maybe it's going to parties with shit DJs for most of my childhood that has made me hate them. Abba were forced on people from my generation, so there's a natural resentment towards them. Through my mum I discovered Pink Floyd and Jimi Hendrix, and if I'd done that with Abba maybe I'd have appreciated their brilliant pop songs. On Arrival, the particularly annoying songs are Dancing Queen, Knowing, Me Knowing You and Money, Money, Money. And if we're talking about the reissue, you can add Fernando. Nick Hornby may well say they're part of the canon now, but I still don't have to listen to them. Yes, they wrote some of the catchiest melodies of all time. But then, The Birdie Song is catchy, too.
I love the Beatles, the Beach Boys, Burt Bacharach, all those great pop melody-writers, but there's something about Abba that I hate. Maybe it's going to parties with shit DJs for most of my childhood that has made me hate them. Abba were forced on people from my generation, so there's a natural resentment towards them. Through my mum I discovered Pink Floyd and Jimi Hendrix, and if I'd done that with Abba maybe I'd have appreciated their brilliant pop songs. On Arrival, the particularly annoying songs are Dancing Queen, Knowing, Me Knowing You and Money, Money, Money. And if we're talking about the reissue, you can add Fernando. Nick Hornby may well say they're part of the canon now, but I still don't have to listen to them. Yes, they wrote some of the catchiest melodies of all time. But then, The Birdie Song is catchy, too.
Arcade Fire The Neon Bible
Nominated by Green Gartside of Scritti Politti
People who enjoy this album may think I'm cloth-eared and unperceptive, and I accept it's the result of my personal shortcomings, but what I hear in Arcade Fire is an agglomeration of mannerisms, cliches and devices. I find it solidly unattractive, texturally nasty, a bit harmonically and melodically dull, bombastic and melodramatic, and the rhythms are pedestrian. It's monotonous in its textures and in the old-fashioned, nasty, clunky 80s rhythms and eighth-note basslines. It isn't, as people are suggesting, richly rewarding and inventive. The melodies stick too closely to the chord changes. Win Butler's voice uses certain stylistic devices - it goes wobbly and shouty, then whispery - and I guess people like wobbly and shouty going to whispery, they think it signifies real feeling. It's some people's idea of unmediated emotion. I can imagine Jeremy Clarkson liking it; it's for people in cars. It's rather flat and unlovely. The album and the response to it represent a bunch of beliefs about expression and truth that I don't share. The battle against unreconstructed rock music continues.
People who enjoy this album may think I'm cloth-eared and unperceptive, and I accept it's the result of my personal shortcomings, but what I hear in Arcade Fire is an agglomeration of mannerisms, cliches and devices. I find it solidly unattractive, texturally nasty, a bit harmonically and melodically dull, bombastic and melodramatic, and the rhythms are pedestrian. It's monotonous in its textures and in the old-fashioned, nasty, clunky 80s rhythms and eighth-note basslines. It isn't, as people are suggesting, richly rewarding and inventive. The melodies stick too closely to the chord changes. Win Butler's voice uses certain stylistic devices - it goes wobbly and shouty, then whispery - and I guess people like wobbly and shouty going to whispery, they think it signifies real feeling. It's some people's idea of unmediated emotion. I can imagine Jeremy Clarkson liking it; it's for people in cars. It's rather flat and unlovely. The album and the response to it represent a bunch of beliefs about expression and truth that I don't share. The battle against unreconstructed rock music continues.
Pink Floyd Dark Side of the Moon
Nominated by Tjinder Singh of Cornershop
This album is a sort of lab experiment, put together by scarf-wearing university types. There's a certain irony in a song like Money that takes pot-shots at greedy corporations, when this album made so much money. There's also irony in these super-wealthy elite prog musicians positing themselves against The Man, having a go at the machine. The light shows, all the technology and white-coated technicians at their disposal, make them very much part of the machine. I appreciated the early stuff Pink Floyd did with Joe Boyd, but this is a bloated concept album that made punk necessary. It says, "What a crazy world it is!" and "Everyone's demented!" It's meant to be imbued with the spirit of Syd Barrett, God rest his soul. I'm amazed that it's up there in the pantheon, because I can't see any virtue in it whatsoever. Lyrically, it's banal and doesn't say anything beyond "greed is bad". Radiohead are the 21st-century Floyd, which says it all really.
This album is a sort of lab experiment, put together by scarf-wearing university types. There's a certain irony in a song like Money that takes pot-shots at greedy corporations, when this album made so much money. There's also irony in these super-wealthy elite prog musicians positing themselves against The Man, having a go at the machine. The light shows, all the technology and white-coated technicians at their disposal, make them very much part of the machine. I appreciated the early stuff Pink Floyd did with Joe Boyd, but this is a bloated concept album that made punk necessary. It says, "What a crazy world it is!" and "Everyone's demented!" It's meant to be imbued with the spirit of Syd Barrett, God rest his soul. I'm amazed that it's up there in the pantheon, because I can't see any virtue in it whatsoever. Lyrically, it's banal and doesn't say anything beyond "greed is bad". Radiohead are the 21st-century Floyd, which says it all really.
The Doors LA Woman
Nominated by Craig Finn of the Hold Steady
In America when you're growing up, you're subjected to the Doors as soon as you start going to parties and smoking weed. People think of Jim Morrison as a brilliant rock'n'roll poet, but to me it's unlistenable. The music meanders, and Morrison was more like a drunk asshole than an intelligent poet. The worst of the worst is the last song, Riders on the Storm: "There's a killer on the road/ His brain is squirming like a toad" - that's surely the worst line in rock'n'roll history. He gave the green light to generations of pseuds. A lot of people told him he was a genius, so he started to believe it. The Velvets did nihilism and darkness so much better - they were so much more understated; what they did had subtlety, whereas the Doors had little or none: they were a caricature of "the dark side". I actually like Los Angeles, but the Doors represent the city at its most fat, bloated and excessive. Morrison's death does give rock some mythic kudos, but that doesn't make me want to listen to the music. In fact, if it comes on the radio, I change the station.
In America when you're growing up, you're subjected to the Doors as soon as you start going to parties and smoking weed. People think of Jim Morrison as a brilliant rock'n'roll poet, but to me it's unlistenable. The music meanders, and Morrison was more like a drunk asshole than an intelligent poet. The worst of the worst is the last song, Riders on the Storm: "There's a killer on the road/ His brain is squirming like a toad" - that's surely the worst line in rock'n'roll history. He gave the green light to generations of pseuds. A lot of people told him he was a genius, so he started to believe it. The Velvets did nihilism and darkness so much better - they were so much more understated; what they did had subtlety, whereas the Doors had little or none: they were a caricature of "the dark side". I actually like Los Angeles, but the Doors represent the city at its most fat, bloated and excessive. Morrison's death does give rock some mythic kudos, but that doesn't make me want to listen to the music. In fact, if it comes on the radio, I change the station.
The Smiths Meat Is Murder
Nominated by Jackie McKeown of 1990s
I'm a Smiths fan and I like most of their records, but this is the weakest link in the canon. With the debut and The Queen Is Dead, you could cut up Morrissey's lyrics and they could be pages from the same book. For Meat Is Murder, he seemed to make a list of topics to write about. It was a protest album, which defeats the idea of Morrissey as romantic. The cool-guy cover with Meat Is Murder written on his helmet rams it down your throat. The title track is offensive, not least because of the loud, gated drums and 80s production that you get on Huey Lewis and the News records. Morrissey was obviously suffering from a loss of nerve or lack of faith when he wrote these songs. It took him years to write the first album in his bedroom. By the second album, he started panicking and pointing fingers at teachers at school and thinking up things like, "Oh, meat is murder and, oh, we're going to get attacked by thugs in Rusholme." Barbarism Begins at Home is where the Smiths betray their jazz-funk session-guy roots; it's absolutely treacherous to listen to, even if it was brilliant fun to record. You can just see the rolled-up jacket sleeves. It's everything Morrissey hated. Meat Is Murder is Red Wedge music for sexless students. It's like being stuck in a lift with a Manchester University Socialist Workers' Party convention.
I'm a Smiths fan and I like most of their records, but this is the weakest link in the canon. With the debut and The Queen Is Dead, you could cut up Morrissey's lyrics and they could be pages from the same book. For Meat Is Murder, he seemed to make a list of topics to write about. It was a protest album, which defeats the idea of Morrissey as romantic. The cool-guy cover with Meat Is Murder written on his helmet rams it down your throat. The title track is offensive, not least because of the loud, gated drums and 80s production that you get on Huey Lewis and the News records. Morrissey was obviously suffering from a loss of nerve or lack of faith when he wrote these songs. It took him years to write the first album in his bedroom. By the second album, he started panicking and pointing fingers at teachers at school and thinking up things like, "Oh, meat is murder and, oh, we're going to get attacked by thugs in Rusholme." Barbarism Begins at Home is where the Smiths betray their jazz-funk session-guy roots; it's absolutely treacherous to listen to, even if it was brilliant fun to record. You can just see the rolled-up jacket sleeves. It's everything Morrissey hated. Meat Is Murder is Red Wedge music for sexless students. It's like being stuck in a lift with a Manchester University Socialist Workers' Party convention.
Captain Beefheart and the Magic Band Trout Mask Replica
Nominated by Peter Hook, ex-New Order and Joy Division
Steve Morris, New Order's drummer, was a great fan of his, but Beefheart was one of those things I found unlistenably boring. I desperately wanted to like it because Steve loved it so much, but I had to admit defeat. Ian Curtis found it easier to convert us to the Doors, put it that way. Trout Mask wasn't a work of untutored genius, it was untutored crap. When you're beginning as a musician, people try to educate you with music like this, but I never understood the allure of Captain Beefheart. I certainly didn't last all four sides. There are very few records I gave up on, apart from Lou Reed's Metal Machine Music and Trout Mask Replica. It sounded like somebody taking the piss. But then, I've never been a great fan of jazz, and this erred on the selfish side of jazz. It sounds like you feel when you've taken the wrong drugs, like going to your mate's dope party on speed. I'd listen to it with my head in my hands. Trout Mask was highly regarded by post-punk bands because of its idiosyncratic approach to rhythm and song construction - but those bands were full of shit, weren't they? I wouldn't have put it at the front of my record pile to impress people; it would have been at the back with my Alvin Stardust and Bay City Rollers records that they sent me from the record club I belonged to at the time. These days, I would rather listen to the Bay City Rollers than Beefheart.
Steve Morris, New Order's drummer, was a great fan of his, but Beefheart was one of those things I found unlistenably boring. I desperately wanted to like it because Steve loved it so much, but I had to admit defeat. Ian Curtis found it easier to convert us to the Doors, put it that way. Trout Mask wasn't a work of untutored genius, it was untutored crap. When you're beginning as a musician, people try to educate you with music like this, but I never understood the allure of Captain Beefheart. I certainly didn't last all four sides. There are very few records I gave up on, apart from Lou Reed's Metal Machine Music and Trout Mask Replica. It sounded like somebody taking the piss. But then, I've never been a great fan of jazz, and this erred on the selfish side of jazz. It sounds like you feel when you've taken the wrong drugs, like going to your mate's dope party on speed. I'd listen to it with my head in my hands. Trout Mask was highly regarded by post-punk bands because of its idiosyncratic approach to rhythm and song construction - but those bands were full of shit, weren't they? I wouldn't have put it at the front of my record pile to impress people; it would have been at the back with my Alvin Stardust and Bay City Rollers records that they sent me from the record club I belonged to at the time. These days, I would rather listen to the Bay City Rollers than Beefheart.
What kind of heathen dislikes the Velvet Underground and Nico?
Novelist and music lover Ian Rankin gives his reasons
This is a sacred cow but that doesn't mean it can't be turned into hamburger. You can start before you even listen to the music. The front of the album bears the name Andy Warhol and a yellow banana - there's no mention of the band whatsoever. The back of the album says it was produced by Andy Warhol alongside the Velvets, so straight away I'm annoyed. It's one of the worst-produced albums of all time - put it on a modern hi-fi and you'll think: this sounds like shit. It's muddy, the volume comes and goes, the guitars are all out of tune, as is the viola. John Cale is one of the great Welshmen, but the viola on Venus In Furs sounds like a Tom and Jerry sound effect. And Nico's voice is flat throughout - she sings English the way I sing German. Talk about looks being everything: she was a supermodel trying to sing in a rock band, but she couldn't sing - she gave good dirge.
It all flags up that the Velvet Underground were just part of Warhol's circus, his Factory; just another product. Once you start thinking about the Velvets being part of that, the notion of them waiting around for the man is ludicrous. As far as introducing the idea of nihilism to rock, the first Doors album, which came out the same year, was far better produced, far darker, and more nihilistic. Ditto the first Mothers of Invention album. Those two were from the west coast; the Velvets were from New York. And this was New York trying too hard. There's a line in Venus in Furs about "ermine furs adorn imperious". Those are four words that should never appear in a rock song and here they are put together. And the last two tracks are completely unlistenable: The Black Angel's Death Song and European Son, which constitute 11 minutes and one fifth of the album.
Nevertheless, as Brian Eno said, almost no one bought this album but the ones who did put a band together, so it was important - as the beginning of the black raincoat brigade.
This is a sacred cow but that doesn't mean it can't be turned into hamburger. You can start before you even listen to the music. The front of the album bears the name Andy Warhol and a yellow banana - there's no mention of the band whatsoever. The back of the album says it was produced by Andy Warhol alongside the Velvets, so straight away I'm annoyed. It's one of the worst-produced albums of all time - put it on a modern hi-fi and you'll think: this sounds like shit. It's muddy, the volume comes and goes, the guitars are all out of tune, as is the viola. John Cale is one of the great Welshmen, but the viola on Venus In Furs sounds like a Tom and Jerry sound effect. And Nico's voice is flat throughout - she sings English the way I sing German. Talk about looks being everything: she was a supermodel trying to sing in a rock band, but she couldn't sing - she gave good dirge.
It all flags up that the Velvet Underground were just part of Warhol's circus, his Factory; just another product. Once you start thinking about the Velvets being part of that, the notion of them waiting around for the man is ludicrous. As far as introducing the idea of nihilism to rock, the first Doors album, which came out the same year, was far better produced, far darker, and more nihilistic. Ditto the first Mothers of Invention album. Those two were from the west coast; the Velvets were from New York. And this was New York trying too hard. There's a line in Venus in Furs about "ermine furs adorn imperious". Those are four words that should never appear in a rock song and here they are put together. And the last two tracks are completely unlistenable: The Black Angel's Death Song and European Son, which constitute 11 minutes and one fifth of the album.
Nevertheless, as Brian Eno said, almost no one bought this album but the ones who did put a band together, so it was important - as the beginning of the black raincoat brigade.
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Tudo bem que iconoclastia faz parte e é bom; mas, vamos combinar, tem gente aí que tem que comer muito feijão para falar o que disse.
domingo, junho 10, 2007
Manic Street Preachers, "From despair to where" (1993).
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TUDO que esse blogueiro humildemente pede é que os leitores assistam esse clipe e me digam se essa banda não é foda demais.
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TUDO.
segunda-feira, junho 04, 2007
O PODER DA CIÊNCIA - II
Aquecimento global. Imagine um debate entre um cientista ou um filósofo durão e, de outro lado, um filósofo do "pluralismo".
O cientista poderia argumentar que, graças à ciência, sabemos que o mundo irá se aquecer de modo a tornar a vida na Terra insuportável, graças à sua "precisão" e à sua "verdade".
O adversário poderia rebater: é somente agora, com a palavra da ciência, que o assunto passou a ser tratado de forma séria. Isso significa que a ciência tem um poder de dizer a verdade maior que outras instâncias. Esse poder foi determinante.
O cientista rebate: a ciência não tem poder algum, ela somente diz aquilo que é.
O filósofo responde: a ciência diz aquilo que é de acordo com aquilo que ela procura. Seu sentido é a objetividade, mas isso não significa que o "objetivo" científico corresponda "ao que é".
O cientista fica perplexo: como? Por acaso o senhor nega que exista a verdade? Nega que a "objetividade" exista?
Antes disso, vejamos, entretanto, o que se passou com o aquecimento global. Após vários anos de advertências de ambientalistas, finalmente a ciência se pronunciou, em relatório da ONU, dizendo que, efetivamente, o aquecimento global ocorre de fato e ele vai destruir o planeta, se não pararmos de emitir gases.
Há, portanto, dois elementos: 1 - a ciência disse, mediante seus métodos e procurando o "objetividade" dos fatos, que o aquecimento global está ocorrendo; 2 - a ciência, com sua força retórica, conseguiu movimentar mesmo a máquina do poder que parecia não se mover, quando se tratam de fatos ambientais.
O cientista argumenta, novamente: a ciência nada mais fez que dizer o que ocorre, ela disse a verdade sobre o aquecimento global. E a verdade é que, se não o estancarmos, iremos desaparecer, pois o planeta de tornará inabitável. Portanto, não há nenhum juízo de valor em jogo: simplesmente estamos diante da "objetividade" científica. O enunciado é neutro.
Será?
O filósofo responde: mas analisemos com maior cuidado as afirmações. Será que tudo se reduziu à equação do cientista?
Vejamos analiticamente. O cientista descobriu, objetivamente, que o aquecimento global existe (1). E, disso, retirou que devemos evitá-lo, do contrário desaparecemos (2). Será que há apenas uma verdade em jogo?
Eu pergunto: será que devemos evitar o aquecimento global ou será que devemos evitar o aquecimento global? Dependendo da entonação do verbo dever, aparece uma nova racionalidade em jogo. A pergunta pode ficar clara se pensarmos: temos direito a destruir o planeta? O planeta pertence unicamente ao ser humano?
Nesse caso, o que parecia neutro faz brotar um outro valor conjunto. O óbvio ("não devemos aquecer mais o planeta pois ele vai se destruir") pode, ou não, vir acompanhado de um outro juízo sobre o planeta Terra e nosso papel nele. Poderíamos formular o enunciado ontologicamente da seguinte forma: podemos destruir nossa casa, nossa morada (Terra <> oikos)? Ou, melhor ainda: será justo com o ecossistema como um todo o homem destruí-lo (Terra <> Gaia)? Será o planeta apenas um "campo de caça" que podemos utilizar a nosso bel-prazer, para nossa "felicidade"?
Há, portanto, uma outra verdade, que não apenas aquela que a racionalidade técnica nos fornece. Há uma verdade ética, por exemplo, que nos impede de seguirmos adiante. Uma verdade que não se apóia na lógica pura, mas no respeito pelo Outro. Se tenho a garantia de que, por exemplo, poderíamos nos mudar, com tranqüilidade, para Marte, desde que investissemos em tecnologia que poderia acelerar a destruição da Terra, seria ético fazê-lo? Ou existe um dever moral do homem de não se comportar como um vírus, como o Agente Smith, de Matrix, nos chamava?
A questão, por isso, está longe de ser puramente teórica. O que eu afirmo é que existem outras verdades além da verdade da técnica, que se justificam com base em outras racionalidades. A racionalidade meio>fim da ciência pode ser útil, mas jamais esgota as questões que ela provoca. Quando estamos no mundo concreto, as decisões sempre carregam interesses; jamais são puramente neutras.
O que fazemos? Ao acreditar no mito da ciência como verdade absoluta, estamos dando de bandeja ao poder a opção de decidir os caminhos da técnica, que não dependem dela própria. A técnica não pensa sobre si mesma. Quem pensa é quem está fora: a política, a ética, a estratégia, a economia. Hoje em dia, o poder avaliza apenas o que a ciência lhe concede. Esse é o poder da ciência.
Poder que, no aquecimento global, fica claro: ninguém duvida das investigações científicas, da sua qualidade e validade objetiva. O que duvidamos é, sim, a capacidade de ela dar respostas aos problemas que traz. Esses problemas, quando estão lançados no mundo concreto, dependem de outras racionalidades. Racionalidades que dependem da nossa cultura, dos nossos significados e do "mundo" que criamos.
É por isso que o filósofo Emmanuel Lévinas propõe que, diante dessa pluralidade de significações, adotemos, em primeiro lugar, uma ética. Estamos jogados no mundo ontológico, no qual nos deparamos com nossa condição humana, nossa finitude, nossa vontade de persistir existindo. Esse é o mundo em que vivemos; não o mundo dos enunciados científicos ou das argumentações analíticas. Mas será que, quando me encontro com os outros, será só isso decisivo? Ou será que posso, nessa condição que se instaura antes e para além da técnica, assumir uma posição em que, por primazia, sou ético? Antes de qualquer argumento lógico-analítico, antes de qualquer verdade vinda de uma ideologia, de um sistema político, devo me instalar nesse mundo enquanto um ser ético.
Isso muda a compreensão do fenômeno do aquecimento global: será justo, EM PRIMEIRO LUGAR, o homem aquecer o planeta de modo a destruir a vida nele? Essa pergunta a ciência não responde, porque não pensa com racionalidade ética.
Alguém poderia objetar: mas é só graças à ciência que conhecemos o problema. De acordo. Mas é também só graças a ela que o temos. Tivéssemos freado nosso ímpeto de dominar a natureza há mais tempo, não o viveríamos. É imperativo, por isso, pensar com outra racionalidade.
Em síntese: precisamos perceber que, quando estamos lançados no mundo, o rigor dos enunciados abstrato-analíticos não significa muita coisa, pois se constitui sempre como prática interessada. É dessa prática interessada, propriamente, que temos que tratar, a partir de novas racionalidades que nos permitem não repetir nossos erros.